Updating your operation system you may face some problems. We will tell you about some of them and the ways of avoiding or solving them

So one of problems is connected with drivers
Very often almost all of the problems with which users deal while updating OS to the new version are connected with drivers. If process of installation has come to the end successfully and the new operational system works, it does not mean yet, that everything is all right.
It can appear, that with new system the sound card or the printer does not work. Usually such problems are caused by the out-of-date drivers.

First of all, it is necessary to look for the updated driver on a site of the supplier.
Unfortunately, suppliers do not always update drivers for maintenance of compatibility with the new version of operational system, especially for old arrangements.

The mistake of activation
To establish new operational system and to receive at attempt of activation the message that this copy Windows is counterfeit, – what can be worse?
In last versions of operational systems Microsoft, in particular, in Windows XP and Vista, technology of Windows Genuine Advantage (WGA) which requires activation of system after its installation and updating of the certain components of the equipment is used.
If not to activate Vista within 30 days, the system will pass in a mode of the limited functionality, thus interface Aero and other first class functions will be inaccessible.

Loss of data
Data is the most valuable in a computer. The operational system and appendices can be established again, but data are often unique and it is not possible to restore them.
At updating operational system data remain in immunity (unlike installation of new operational system on a pure hard disk) but what to do if something will go wrong?
Certainly, it is better to store data on other section of a hard disk – not on which the operational system is established, and it is even better – on other physical hard disk, on a server or on other computer in a network.

Where the backup copy of data was stored, it is necessary for updating on a regular basis, especially before installation of the new version of operational system. Loss of the important data is one of the most serious, but at the same time, easily prevented problems with which the user can face at updating operational system.

Your PC can get into serious troubles if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time.

We would like to give you a final piece of advice – today the Internet technologies give you a truly unique chance to choose what you want at the best terms which are available on the market. Funny, but most of the people don’t use this chance. In real practice it means that you must use all the tools of today to get the information that you need.

Search Google and other search engines for the topic of “driver reviver“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and participate in the online discussion. All this will help you to create a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real opportunity to make a wise and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will everything possible to keep this blog tuned up to the day with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

Modernization of your processor will always make your computer faster, although sometimes it is not the best of what can be done. The first thing you should do is find out what is really lacking in your system. The first step that must be taken to detect this is to use the Task Manager on your computer. Here you can find out how much of computer resources are used. If you want a more advanced diagnostic program, click Start, click Run. Come out the window “Run”, which you will need to enter the program name. So, you’ll be able to control all your computer components.

Now we will tell you what you should check, how to check this, and if you really need upgrade.

Possessor. After seeing the Task Manager, you will be able to tell if you need an upgrade. The processor will always be up to 100%, that’s fine, but if it will show 100% for long periods of time, you will need a faster processor. Replacing of the processor can be very expensive, because you may need to replace the motherboard. But you should not upgrade the processor if the problem is memory. Read below.

Memory. Ensure that the system has enough memory, it is very important. If the system does not have enough memory, it starts to use the space on your hard drive as memory. Since the hard drive running at a slower speed than the memory, it will greatly slow down your computer.

Hard drive. Hard drive is very difficult to diagnose. If you have an old hard drive, then it should be required an upgrade. Since the new hard drive running at higher speeds, then replacing the hard drive will also help speed up your computer. If your system supports Serial ATA (specification for serial interface, designed for connection to PC motherboards), we would strongly recommend you to do upgrade.

Operating system: there are several things you can do with your operating system to help the hard drive.

-Remove programs you do not use, these programs will clutter your system.

-Make sure there is enough free space. If not enough free space, it will cause problems in your system.

-Do not configure the program to start automatically when your computer boots up, it takes part of your memory.

Defrag your computer, it reorganizes the files on your hard drive for optimal use.

Your computer can get into serious troubles if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time.

We would like to give you a final piece of advice – today the Internet technologies give you a truly unique chance to choose what you need for the best price on the market. Funny, but most of the people don’t use this chance. In real life it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the info that you need.

Search Google or other search engines for the topic of “driver downloader software“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and participate in the online discussion. All this will help you to create a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real chance to make a wise and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will do the best to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

Although today computers have become an indispensable part of business and personal life, However, as they may be useful to society, new technologies are always fraught with risks and challenges. In his computer, as a rule, we collect a myriad of files and documents. Because the information is outdated, we are constantly sorting our files and documents, save and delete, and in most cases we do not pay adequate attention to this process. As a result, something terrible might happen – you may a really important file! To recover a deleted file, you open the basket in a hurry, but you see that you have already cleared it. At this point you are thinking that a file has been completely removed from the computer. Is this true?

Recovery of lost file can seem impossible process, as none of the operating system does not offer an effective way to recover deleted files. Some may use the return to previous versions of the computer, but this would entail the loss of new information. Some users put up with this nuisance, considering its failure and not believing in the possibility of recovering deleted files. But you can recover deleted files.

Files are stored on your computer is not the way you think. Data for a file are stored on your hard drive. The operating system only knows the data, since it has a link to where they were stored on the hard disk. This link is necessary for an operating system to find the file and display it as an icon on your screen, you can convert any folder, or open it, or move to another location, etc. It is simply a graphical representation of your file.

However note that when you’re constantly deleting files from the operating system, you simply remove pointers to them. But the data files will still continue to stay on your hard drive, they can simply be lost on it. Data will remain on your hard drive until they are overwritten by another file or program. This means that the majority of hard disk space occupied by a random file, as well as the fact that you can recover deleted files if you know how to do it.

For recover deleted files you need a program that knows how to scan your hard drive, how to find a file without a pointer, and then how to apply it to the operating system so that the data file could be used again.

Your PC can get into serious troubles if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time and efforts.

We would like to give you a final piece of advice – today the web technologies give you a truly unique chance to choose exactly what you need at the best terms which are available on the market. Strange, but most of the people don’t use this chance. In real life it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the info that you need.

Search Google and other search engines for the topic of “driver downloader software“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and participate in the online discussion. All this will help you to create a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real opportunity to make a wise and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS feed on this blog, because we will everything possible to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

Updating of operation system up to the new version both on a house computer, and in office network consisting of several workstations, can lead to serious troubles.
Updating of operational system is done for taking advantage of new functions or appendices, but approach to this process is always cautiously – in fact at any moment something can go not well. In this article we will tell you what problems a user can meet and how to avoid or solve them.

Insufficiently powerful equipment
For normal functioning of new operation system more powerful equipment, than for the previous versions is required.
On a computer on which old OS works just fine, the new operational system can work much slowly or do not work at all, therefore before to update system, it is necessary to find out, what are demands to the equipment.
More powerful processor can be necessary for updating and almost for certain – greater volume of operative memory. Updating and other components of system – for example can be demanded, the powerful video card is necessary for normal display of interface of Aero Windows Vista.

Certainly, having established new operation system and having detected, that it does not work properly, the user can update hardware components. However if for normal work of new OS replacement of several parts of computer is required than it is cheaper to buy a new computer.
And if to talk about lap top, updating of separate components can appear difficult or even an impracticable problem.

Mistakes and lag during installation
Perhaps, one of worst thing is lag of process of installation during updating.
As a result the user appears in difficult situation: the old operation system does not work, and new is not established.

One of the possible reasons for such lag is shortage of free space on a hard disk.
According to Microsoft, operational systems Vista Home Premium, Business and Ultimate require, at least, 15 Gbyte free space on a disk in capacity a minimum 40 Gbyte. It is possible to establish new OS on smaller space, but the risk to collide thus with serious problems is great.

Lag during installation is maybe caused also by hardware incompatibility.
For example, Vista is more sensitive to defects of the module of operative memory, than XP. Replacement or removal of module RAM which has caused a problem, allows continuing process of installation in a normal mode. Besides the reason can be in a hard disk or an optical drive into which the positioning disk is inserted.
Some users manage to solve a problem, having established drivers for a hard disk before to choose, on what disk it will be established by OS.

Your PC can get into serious problems if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time.

We would like to give you some general tips – today the Internet technologies give you a really unique chance to choose exactly what you require for the best price on the market. Strange, but most of the people don’t use this opportunity. In real practice it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the information that you need.

Search Google or other search engines for the topic of “driver downloader software“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and join the online discussion. All this will help you to build up a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real chance to make a smart and nicely balanced decision.

And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will everything possible to keep this blog tuned up to the day with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

There are arguments in favour of updating computer park which are not connected with technology. First of all, it is difficult to define and measure the increase of labor productivity.

Disposal of expectation. Worst of all is to wait, when the computer is downloading some site or anti-virus program is checking computer. On new personal computers you will not wait for long so more time remains for productive work.

Work with multimedia requires a lot of all time, therefore on new personal computers they will go essentially more quickly and with higher quality.

Protection of intellectual property. Modern personal computers is much better protected from external and internal invasion of hackers.

The possibility of teamwork On modern personal computers it is stipulated a possibility of collective work on projects, simultaneous viewing and variation of the same files.

Possibility of calculations in a background mode. New personal computers allow to carry out various operations which practically do not slow down the basic work on enciphering, compression of files, information search in a network, etc.) in a background mode.

Enciphering, compression, search of viruses. All electronic business will be based on enciphering as the commercial information should keep a secret. However qualitative enciphering requires greater computer capacities and should pass imperceptibly for the user. It can be realized only on modern personal computers.

Not less important there is a procedure of compression of the information as an available passband always does not suffice. In the same way compression of files should go imperceptibly for the user.

The urgency of check of the information on viruses grows every day their quantity and refinement as grows.
And this operation takes away a lot of time from the processor.

Management ON Every day grows urgency of the centralized management ON on computers of users as permanently there are all new versions of appendices, updatings anti-virus ON, etc. This operation is also imperceptible for users, but can take away appreciable capacity from the processor.
Only on new personal computers it is practically imperceptible.

Your computer can get into serious troubles if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time and efforts.

We would like to give you a final piece of advice – today the web technologies give you a really unique chance to choose exactly what you need for the best price on the market. Strange, but most of the people don’t use this chance. In real life it means that you must use all the tools of today to get the info that you need.

Search Google and other search engines for the topic of “driver reviver“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and join the online discussion. All this will help you to build up a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real opportunity to make a wise and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS feed on this blog, because we will do the best to keep this blog tuned up to the day with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

Date is fickle thing, and sometimes we treat them with negligence, moving, copying, sending mail, renaming, and editing them. We do not always understand how they can be vulnerable. And realize it only when we lose them. Accidental file deletion is commonplace. However, there is a chance to recover them, since they do not disappear from your computer completely.

Sometimes people think that they have removed the file, even though they just moved it to another folder and forgot about it. You can check this by typing the name or part of the file name in the search bar of your system. If you do not know the name of the file goes in * instead of missing letters. For example, if the file is called “The duties of administration,” but you remember the title of only the word “duty”, then write * duty * and the system will find all the files in the name of which appears the word. Also make sure the search is on databases of the entire computer.

If after this test file is still not found, then you probably indeed be removed. First check the recycle bin, if there was the file you want. If he is there, then move it to the desktop or just click “restore the file (it will restore it to the folder where it was before). If not, you still should not panic!

The stored data when you delete them do not disappear from your computer, but stay on it intact. The only change that occurs when a file is deleted is the computer loses a link to it. At the operating system disappear pointer to the data and, thus, it becomes invisible for the user, and for the system. This means that theoretically it is possible to return a lost file, until you can recover landmark for it.

If you will be able to restore the landmark to remote information, the operating system will be able to show it as a file. However, it should be done immediately, as these certainly are in a “free area” of memory and hard drive when the computer need additional space for other programs and files, he can rewrite the data and, ultimately, it will hurt them.

So you have two ways to recover data. Windows periodically maintains its own backups. Thus, you can make a rollback of the system that is to return its Windows operating system at an earlier stage. In this case, the deleted files may be restored, but also, most likely you will lose the new files. So think twice before you use this method. The second option is to purchase a commercial program for file recovery, which will scan the “free space” hard disk and specify a file without even the index of Windows.

And finally to be sure in data security you must periodically make backup copies. This will help to avoid many problems.

Your computer can get into serious troubles if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time and efforts.

We would like to give you some general tips – today the online technologies give you a really unique chance to choose what you want for the best price on the market. Funny, but most of the people don’t use this opportunity. In real life it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the info that you need.

Search Google or other search engines for the topic of “update drivers free“. Visit social networks and check the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and join the discussion. All this will help you to create a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real chance to make a wise and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will do the best to keep this blog tuned up to the day with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

Technologies develop promptly, and at four-year-old personal computers risks of refusal, infringement of a security of the information and risks of lost opportunities more and more increase.

Refusals. Users usually pay attention only to one aspect of possibilities of refusal – expiry of the term of warranty service then it is necessary to pay off for any replacement of the failed components of the personal computer. There is also other important instant – timeframe of a life of design of components.
Some users fondly believe that it will be possible to replace components of a computer at any moment. But a timeframe of a life of design of hard disk – five years, in 6-7 years the design of a hard disk can be changed so, that it will be simply difficult to replace it.
Besides though the hard disk costs cheaper than the personal computer, but from the refusal it is necessary to include the sum of losses and time of transfer of the information, cost of service works, etc. the General expenses, thus, can reach 350-500 dollars. The same concerns and refusals of СD and DVD-disk drives.

Security.Old computers usually work old operational systems.
Hacker activity promptly accrues, and the modern software protects the information from external invasion much better. Continuing to work with old personal computers, the companies raise risk of loss of the information. Besides, old OS simply stop to be supported by the companies-manufacturers.

Mobility. Usage of laptops with a possibility of wireless access to the Internet becomes the important factor of an efficiency gain of work of employees and satisfactions of clients.

Perfection of systems of input and output of the information of 2 Ggb by means of USB 2.0 can be lead Input for ten minutes whereas by means of USB 1.0 same operation would last almost 4 hours. Twentyfold growth of speed of input – here characteristic parameter of improvement of quality of work on the new equipment!

Speed of extraction of data from memory has grown in six times for last 4 years, and the density of memory at same time has grown four times.

Your computer can get into serious problems if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time.

We would like to give you a final piece of advice – today the online technologies give you a really unique chance to choose exactly what you want for the best price on the market. Funny, but most of the people don’t use this chance. In real life it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the information that you need.

Search Google or other search engines for the topic of “update drivers free“. Visit social networks and check the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and join the discussion. All this will help you to build up a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real opportunity to make a smart and nicely balanced decision.

And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will do the best to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

Wireless connectivity has become feasible with the advent of Bluetooth technology. Wireless connection gives you the option of mobility, regardless of your location. But most importantly – is that no matter where you are, you no longer need to worry about the problems associated with printing documents.

Some tips for using Bluetooth technology to print documents.

Bluetooth adapter can convert any printer to use Bluetooth technology. However, when you are using Bluetooth-printer, it is important to know some basics. Let’s look at some of them:

1. Limited range: using Bluetooth-printers, you will meet with the problem of limited range. Distance within which printing is acceptable – from about 10 to 100 meters. The range of coverage depends primarily on the hardware configuration. The greater range of coverage, the more power the equipment needed, which, ultimately, more draining your battery.

2. Printing from a mobile phone: sometimes you have a need to print stunning images or documents from your Pocket PC (PDA) to a Bluetooth-printer. In these cases you need to find a Bluetooth-printer, which is controlled by your mobile phone. This printer can be found using the option “Search for Bluetooth technology» (BT (Bluetooth) Discovery). Clicking on this option, it will show you all available Bluetooth devices. Then you can select your printer and click Print. But be careful, because at the stage of finding your phone or handheld device available to all users in the vicinity, in particular for hackers. Therefore, each time make sure that you disable Bluetooth mode as soon as the file you want printed.

3. Universal Serial Bus (USB): Some printers have a so-called Pictbridge USB port that is compatible with any Bluetooth adapter. This port makes printing from any Bluetooth devices easier. Pictbridge – a technology of the hardware interface that allows your printer to print images and files from your mobile phone or handheld computer (PDA).

To perform Pictbridge printing, you should:
- Connect the USB device.
- Wait until the two devices recognize each other.
- Select from the menu images or files that you want to print.
- Also on the menu you can change the size, location and image resolution.
- Select the command “Print”.

4. Hacking: Avoid connecting your Bluetooth device to “visible mode”. This mode makes your IP address is known to all users with malicious intent. Most often, such attacks are aimed at mobile phones, handheld and desktop computers. Hackers are usually connected to your PDA or mobile phone, using fictitious names, which are close to you. Therefore, if you connect even once to their devices, most likely, the hackers connect to your device and use it for malicious purposes, such as sending viruses, destruction of your operating system or even delete important files.

5. Encryption: for security reasons it is always better to encrypt any data transfer via Bluetooth. To encrypt any Bluetooth device, you need to use the Bluetooth connection wizard.

6. Maintenance of embedded software: The update software ensures speed and agility of your mobile phone when printing through a wireless printer.

Your computer can get into serious problems if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time.

We would like to give you some general tips – today the Internet technologies give you a really unique chance to choose what you want at the best terms which are available on the market. Strange, but most of the people don’t use this opportunity. In real life it means that you must use all the tools of today to get the info that you need.

Search Google and other search engines for the topic of “driver reviver“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and participate in the discussion. All this will help you to build up a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real chance to make a wise and nicely balanced decision.

And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will everything possible to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

What is the formatting of the hard drive and what you should know to do this? The problem is that, formatting the PC – is something that people are afraid to do ever since they learned how to do it. In fact you upgrade the versions of Windows, i.e. old are replaced by the new ones. However, there is one disadvantage of it – usually this process takes place very slowly, and if you still need to reinstall all the applications that were previously on the computer, it can be even the slower process. All this can make you angry, and you want to quit. But if you reinstall only the programs that you really need, then you will save your time and effort.
Today we are witnessing the rapid improvements in technology! Because of this, now there are new ways of formatting your computer to help you to improve the efficiency of your computer.
If you are using Windows XP, then you should already have the system CD that includes service pack which is required for this operating system. If you do not, then you can contact Microsoft for a disk before you begin the formatting process.
Service Pack – it is a CD that contains the new operating system with all the necessary software for XP. Traditionally, you had to insert the CD to reformat the hard drive and then install the new operating system, and separately with each program. But if you have the CD, which includes the most important programs, then you can install them all at once, thus saving much time in this way.
One method of formatting the hard drive is to use Ghost. When you are using this method, you create a mirror image of your computer and then reinstall the newer version. Reinstall will take about 5 minutes, whereas before this process took several hours! Reducing the time is due to the fact that you determine what programs to install from the same disc.
Using a rewritable DVD instead of CD, you can save even more time, because on DVD you can record more information. Make sure that on one DVD, you just keep your operating system and other programs – on another drive. This is important because in this case, you will always have clean copy of your operating system.
Regularly check your computer manual to see, whether you want it get formatted or not. There are many people, who are carrying the formatting of the computer so often that they do not even need this check.
However, if your computer is outdated and you want to upgrade a new operating system, thanks to modern features you will be able to freely carry out this process.

Your PC can get into serious problems if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time and efforts.

We would like to give you a final piece of advice – today the web technologies give you a really unique chance to choose what you need for the best price on the market. Strange, but most of the people don’t use this chance. In real life it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the information that you need.

Search Google and other search engines for the topic of “driver reviver“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and participate in the discussion. All this will help you to build up a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real opportunity to make a smart and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS feed on this blog, because we will do the best to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.

We have heard of incidents in which senior officials were caught in the act of crime of taking bribes. At the same time exposing the graft contributed nothing but a hidden camera. Hidden cameras is also known as Spy Cameras – have already got a reputation for the most effective devices for surveillance. Spy Cameras, being a miniature device can be easily mounted into the tiniest cracks. For many years, the camera was used by military intelligence in different countries and helped to acquire sensitive information.

It is widely known that hidden cameras are often used by intelligence agencies and security services. However, the hidden cameras are not as popular in the corporate environment. They are also currently being used by supermarkets. In corporate environments Spy Cameras are used for internal control in the organization. Intelligence and law enforcement agencies use Spy Cameras to track criminals. Today it has become commonplace that many companies and organizations with numerous state workers have increasingly resorted to using hidden cameras. Thanks to the cameras become easier to observe the actions of employees, criminals and people who control that might be useful. Each camera in the CCTV is installed and configured for a particular angle, and is endowed with the name or number for easy identification.

The person being monitored by hidden cameras, and has no idea that it is subject to surveillance. Hidden cameras – is the most expensive method of surveillance, but the most effective because it can be used simultaneously to monitor the number of people who are in different places.
Sometimes, hidden cameras are built into small objects that can be placed at their discretion to achieve the desired degree of review, for example, cameras are built in:
- cases;
- briefcases.

Hidden cameras may have different dimensions, purposes and a variety of functions. Types of hidden cameras include specialized Spy Cameras, Wireless Mini-Cams, digital cameras, spy cameras and spy. And it certainly is not a complete list of their species. The above types are the most common device for covert surveillance.

Wireless spy camera is the latest development. Wireless Spy Cameras generally similar to the standard hidden cameras with wires. In addition, they also aim to monitor the object. The biggest difference between wireless cameras – is the complete lack of wires. Wire replaces the satellite signal.

Another advantage of wireless cameras is that there are no problems with their placement as an additional cameras as well as the lack of wires makes them more compact. Wireless cameras are easier to install. But not only the absence of wires is the key to the success of wireless cameras: Because of its power wireless hidden cameras provide greater coverage than traditional cameras.

Digital hidden camera can record a crime. Subsequently, filmed by a hidden camera materials can serve as a good evidence base to support the charge in court.

Your computer can get into serious troubles if you do not pay attention to the regular update of the drivers. And this is where driver updater can save you much time.

We would like to give you some general tips – today the Internet technologies give you a really unique chance to choose exactly what you want at the best terms which are available on the market. Strange, but most of the people don’t use this opportunity. In real practice it means that you should use all the tools of today to get the information that you need.

Search Google or other search engines for the topic of “driver reviver“. Visit social networks and have a look on the accounts that are relevant to your topic. Go to the niche forums and join the discussion. All this will help you to create a true vision of this market. Thus, giving you a real opportunity to make a smart and nicely balanced decision.

P.S. And also sign up to the RSS on this blog, because we will do the best to keep updating this blog with new publications about the market of drivers and slow computer solutions.